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Extendable hashing copes with changes in database size by splitting and coalescing buckets as the database grows and shrinks As a result, space ef ciency is retained Moreover, since the reorganization is performed on only one bucket at a time, the resulting performance overhead is acceptably low With extendable hashing, we choose a hash function h with the desirable properties of uniformity and randomness However, this hash function generates values over a relatively large range namely, b-bit binary integers A typical value for b is 32

The McGraw Hill Companies, 2001

In the preceding example, you can see the username that was authenticated ( student ), the assigned IP address ( 1921681200 ), and the group policy and tunnel group associated with the user To disconnect all SVC users, use the vpn-sessiondb logoff svc command:

12

Optionally you can disconnect particular users by their username or index number (see the output from the show vpn-sessiondb svc command):

We do not create a bucket for each hash value Indeed, 232 is over 4 billion, and that many buckets is unreasonable for all but the largest databases Instead, we create buckets on demand, as records are inserted into the le We do not use the entire b bits of the hash value initially At any point, we use i bits, where 0 i b These i bits are used as an offset into an additional table of bucket addresses The value of i grows and shrinks with the size of the database Figure 1224 shows a general extendable hash structure The i appearing above the bucket address table in the gure indicates that i bits of the hash value h(K) are required to determine the correct bucket for K This number will, of course, change as the le grows Although i bits are required to nd the correct entry in the bucket address table, several consecutive table entries may point to the same bucket All such entries will have a common hash pre x, but the length of this pre x may be less than i Therefore, we associate with each bucket an integer giving the length of the common hash pre x In Figure 1224 the integer associated with bucket j is shown as ij The number of bucket-address-table entries that point to bucket j is 2(i ij )

ciscoasa# vpn-sessiondb logoff name username ciscoasa# vpn-sessiondb logoff index index_#

Observations All variable adjustment methods share the same strengths and weaknesses On the positive side, they allow the weighting of key products or sales objectivesThis provides a means for management to focus efforts It allows sales force discretion to sell what the customer needs, yet helps promote products that are strategically important to the companyThe negative side of such systems is as follows:

We now see how to perform lookup, insertion, and deletion on an extendable hash structure To locate the bucket containing search-key value Kl , the system takes the rst i high-order bits of h(Kl ), looks at the corresponding table entry for this bit string, and follows the bucket pointer in the table entry To insert a record with search-key value Kl , the system follows the same procedure for lookup as before, ending up in some bucket say, j If there is room in the bucket,

For detailed troubleshooting of AnyConnect client sessions, use the following debug command:

The McGraw Hill Companies, 2001

ciscoasa# debug webvpn svc [1-255]

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